A mathematical method to estimate angle and distance for percutaneous renal puncture based on computed tomography data: Description and validation
Introduction: Gaining access to the kidney is crucial step in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL); it has a steep learning curve.Objective: Describe the mathematical method to predict renal puncture angle and distance based on preoperative computed tomography (CT) measurements.Then evaluating how it correlates with measured values.Patients and Meth